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PREFACE:

This text book ‘Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines’ is meticulously prepared to assist the candidates who partake in the curricula of undergraduate engineering courses (B.E./B.Tech.) in mechanical, civil and agricultural streams offered by many technological universities and engineering institutes. 

The only intent to prepare this book is to emphasize the theoretical concepts in a clear, concise and simplified manner for the students to grasp the subject without any hurdles. It also aims to cater the needs of students who prepare for various competitive and professional examinations. This book wholly consists of 27 chapters following the SI system of units. Each and every chapter is enhanced with a number of figure illustrations and solved examples.

 Various applications to real time problems have also been comprehensively emphasized. All the basic principles and theories have been discussed in a simple and lucid language which can be easily grasped.The summary, objective type questions, review questions and unsolved problems have also been provided at the end of each chapter.Chapter 1covers the basic concepts of fluid flows and engineering properties of fluids. Chapter 2describes the relation for variation of pressure in a fluid under static conditions and manometers and mechanical gauges for measuring fluid pressure and aerostatics. Chapter 3gives the hydrostatic equations and methods to determine the resultant force acting on a submerged surface under static fluid conditions. 

In Chapter 4, liquid in a container subjected to uniform acceleration and constant rotation under relative equilibrium conditions is described. Chapter 5deals with the equilibrium of floating and submerged bodies. In Chapter 6, the basic concepts related to fluid kinematics and the methods for determining velocity and acceleration are described. In Chapter 7, the derivation of energy and momentum equations along with their applications for solving a wide variety of fluid flow problems have been described. Chapter 8describes the characteristics of vortex flow, equation of vortex motion and rotation of liquid in a closed cylindrical vessel. Chapter  9provides information on the important cases of potential flow with the help of potential and stream functions. Chapter 10 discusses the orifice and mouthpieces for measuring the rate of flow of fluid. Chapter 11deals with concepts regarding notches and weirs.

 Chapter 12presents expressions relating to shear stress and pressure gradients in laminar flow, power absorbed in bearings and various viscometers. Chapter 13discusses some semi-empirical theories developed for turbulent flow and provides information on turbulence and turbulent flow in pipes. 

Chapter 14deals with various problems of pipe flow based on major and minor energy losses, pipes in series, parallel and branches, flow through syphon and nozzles, water hammer and power transmission through pipes. Chapter 15 explains the boundary layer thickness parameters, shear stress and the associated drag on the flat plate surface.Chapter 16 describes the simple approach of analysing the drag and lift forces acting on the submerged moving bodies (plates, circular cylinders, spheres and airfoils).

 In Chapter 17, the basic equations for compressible flow and its analysis for flow through nozzles and venturimeter is introduced. Chapter 18 describes flow in open channels pertaining to steady flow under uniform and non-uniform flow conditions. In Chapter 19, Rayleigh method, Buckingham pi method, types of similarities and various model laws are presented.

 InChapter 20, different cases of force exerted by free water jet on stationary and moving vanes of different shapes, propulsion of ship, and basics of fluid machines are described. Chapter 21 deals with construction, working, governing, work done, efficiency and design aspects of Pelton turbine (impulse turbine). In Chapter 22, the general features, various working proportions and design aspects of.