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PREFACE:

Automobiles through the Years   -  Since   they   originated   in   the   late   1800s,   automobiles  have changed   and   developed   in  response   to   consumer   wishes,   economic   conditions,   and   advancing technology .

The first gas-powered vehicles looked like horse buggies with engines mounted underneath because this was the style to which people were accustomed. By 1910, however, features like the frontmounted  engine  were  already  established,   giving  the   automobile  a  look   that   was  all  its   own. 

As  public demand  for cars  increased, the  vehicles became more  stylized.The  classic cars  of the 1920s and 1930s epitomize   the   sleek,   individually  designed   luxury  cars   called   the   “classic   cars.”   During   the   1940s   and 1950s,  automobiles   generally  became  larger  until  the   advent   of  the   “compact”  car ,   which  immediately became a popular alternative.

The gasoline crisis is reflected in the fuel efficient cars made in the 1970s and   1980s.   Current   designs   continue   to   reflect   economy   awareness,   although   many   different   markets exist.

The  history   of   the   automobile   actually   began   about   4,000   years   ago   when   the   first   wheel   was used for transportationin India. In the  early 15th century the Portuguese arrived in China and the interaction  of the two  cultures ledto a varietyof new technologies, including thecreation of a wheelthatturned underits own power .

 By   the   1600s   small   steam-powered   engine   models   had   been   developed,   but   it   was   another   century beforea full-sized engine-powered vehiclewas created. In 1769 French  Army officer Captain Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built what has been called the first automobile.   Cugnot’s   three-wheeled,   steam-powered   vehicle   carried   four   persons.   Designed   to   move artillery   pieces,   it   had   a   top   speed   of   a   little   more   than   3.2   km/h   (2   mph)   and   had   to   stop   every   20 minutes tobuild up a fresh headof steam.

British   inventor   Walter   Handcock  built   a   series   of   steam  carriages   in   the   mid-1830s   that   were used for thefirst omnibus service inLondon. By   the   mid-1800s   England   had   an   extensive   network   of   steam   coach   lines.   Horse-drawn stagecoach   companies   and   the   new   railroad   companies   pressured   the   British   Parliament   to   approve heavy  tolls   on  steam-powered   road   vehicles. 

 The  tolls   quickly  drove  the   steam   coach  operators   out  of business. During  the   early  20th   century  steam  cars  were  popular  in   the   United   States.   Most   famous  was the   Stanley  Steamer ,   built  by American   twin   brothers   Freelan   and  Francis  Stanley .  A  Stanley  Steamer established a world land speed record in 1906 of 205.44 km/h (121.573 mph). Manufacturers produced about125 models of steam-powered automobiles, including theStanley ,until1932.