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PREFACE:

The design of foundations of structures such as buildings, bridges, and dams generally requires a knowledge of such factors as (a) the load that will be transmitted by the superstructure to the foundation system, (b) the requirements of the local building code, (c) the behavior and stress-related deformability of soils that will support the foundation system, and (d) the geological conditions of the soil under consideration. 

To a foundation engineer, the last two factors are extremely important because they concern soil mechanics. The geotechnical properties of a soil such as its grain-size distribution, plasticity, compressibility, and shear strength can be assessed by proper laboratory testing. In addition, recently emphasis has been placed on the in situdetermination of strength and deformation properties of soil, because this process avoids disturbing samples during field exploration.

 However, under certain circumstances, not all of the needed parameters can be or are determined, because of economic or other reasons. In such cases, the engineer must make certain assumptions regarding the properties of the soil. To assess the accuracy of soil parameters whether they were determined in the laboratory and the field or whether they were assumed 

the engineer must have a good grasp of the basic principles of soil mechanics. At the same time, he or she must realize that the natural soil deposits on which foundations are constructed are not homogeneous in most cases. 

Thus, the engineer must have a thorough understanding of the geology of the area that is, the origin and nature of soil stratification and also the groundwater conditions. Foundation engineering is a clever combination of soil mechanics, engineering geology, and proper judgment derived from past experience. 

To a certain extent, it may be called an art. When determining which foundation is the most economical, the engineer must consider the superstructure load, the subsoil conditions, and the desired tolerable settlement. In general, foundations of buildings and bridges may be divided into two major categories: (1) shallow foundationsand (2) deep foundations. Spread footings, wall footings,and mat foundationsare all shallow foundations.

 In most shallow foundations,the depth of embedment can be equal to or less than three to four times the width of the foundation. Pileand drilled shaftfoundations are deep foundations. 

They are used when top layers have poor oad-bearing capacity and when the use of shallow foundations will cause considerable structural damage or instability. The problems relating to shallow foundations and mat foundations are considered in Chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6. Chapter 11 discusses pile foundations, and Chapter 12 examines drilled shafts. This chapter serves primarily as a review of the basic geotechnical properties of soils. 

It includes topics such as grain-size distribution, plasticity, soil classification, effective stress, consolidation, and shear strength parameters. It is based on the assumption that you have already been  exposed to these concepts in a basic soil mechanics course.